Symptoms And Symptoms Of Acute Kidney Infection - 955 Words

During the second set of final clinical practice, I provided nursing care to the client with query sepsis and clostridium difficile as admitting diagnosis. The client had a history (Hx) of acute kidney infection (AKI) which led to dialysis. After resolving AKI, the patient went home, but soon returned to the hospital with severe diarrhea (5-6 episodes per day), confusion and symptoms of sepsis. Upon initial assessment, I found the patient oriented to name only, confused and lethargic, incontinent of urine and stool. The patient had bilateral crackles throughout the lung fields, gurgles upon exertion and tachypnea with respiratory rate 24-28. SpO2 level was within normal limits. The patient’s family reported that the current patient’s cognitive condition function was different from the baseline. The patient was difficult to arouse, with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score 12-13. The heart rate was within normal limits, strong, irregular. Bilateral edema 2+ was present in lower legs, skin was warm to touch, pedal pulses palpable. The patient was on caloric count due to poor caloric intake. The family was frustrated because of recurrent hospitalization due to hospital-acquired infection and very concerned about possibility of poor outcome for the patient due to rapidly deteriorating general condition. My primary concern was the possible aspiration as evidenced by gurgles upon exertion. I elevated the head of bed and made sure that suctioning equipment was in place andShow MoreRelatedAcute Syndrome : Acute Nephritic Syndrome1165 Words   |  5 PagesAcute Nephritic Syndrome Introduction Acute nephritic syndrome is a group of symptoms that occurs with a few disorders that cause glomerulonephritis or swelling and inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidney as shown in Figure 1. Inflammation of the kidneys and glomerulus affects the function of the glomerulus – part of the kidney that filters blood, resulting in blood and protein to appear in urine – excess fluid also builds up in the body. Swelling of the body occurs when blood loses albuminRead MoreAcute Renal Failure Of The Urinary System1497 Words   |  6 Pages Diana Galeana MED 2049 Acute Renal Failure Instructor Michelle Earxsion- Lamothe 7/25/2014 Acute Renal Failure Although the function of the urinary system is used to filter and eliminate waste from the body, it also contributes with maintenance of homeostasis of water and blood pressure, regulates electrolytes, pH balance, and activates vitamin D. The urinary system consists of 2 kidneys which extract wastes from the blood, balance body fluid, and converts it into urineRead MoreEssay on Renal Failure1218 Words   |  5 Pagesand symptoms, the dietary modifications a nurse should teach, the medical management of acute renal failure, and finally the short and long term goals a nurse should make for their client. There are three causes of acute renal failure; prerenal causes, renal causes, and post renal causes. Prerenal causes are due to such factors as dehydration i.e... vomiting diarrhea, or sweating, or poor fluid intake. Other factors could also include weak or irregular blood flow to and from the kidneys becauseRead MoreAcute Renal Failure Essay example1093 Words   |  5 Pages Acute renal failure, also known as acute kidney injury is described to be a rapid loss of kidney function, or a rapid decline in renal filtration function. The first signs of acute renal failure can be found by a rise in serum creatinine concentration or azotemia, which is a rise in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration. Symptoms of acute renal failure may include, little or no urine when urinating, swelling in the legs and feet, not feeling like eating, nausea and vomitingRead MoreWhat is Acute Renal Failure?1202 Words   |  5 Pages Acute renal failure is a disorder of the urinary system. It involves the loss of kidney function and may occur suddenly. Acute renal failure occurs when blood flow to the kidneys is decreased. There are numerous reasons why there may be a decrease in renal function. A urinary tract obstruction, low blood pressure, illness, inflammation of the kidneys, and harmful substances are examples of causes of acute renal failure. These causes have different origins. The causes are separated into prerenalRead MoreExcretory System1437 Words   |  6 Pagesproduct in this process and is used in the digestive process. The Kidneys The role of the kidneys is to remove nitrogenous wastes from the body. Nitrogenous means that it is rich in the element nitrogen. Nitrogen in high concentrations in the body can cause several problems such as joint pain, strokes or heart attacks. The kidney is made up three parts: the renal cortex, the renal medulla and the renal pelvis. All mammals have two kidneys. The kidneys primary function is to regulate various body fluidsRead MoreThe Issues Associates with Acute Renal Failure1025 Words   |  4 PagesAcute renal failure is the most common kidney disease that exists today. It occurs when blood flow to the kidneys is in some way compromised which causes a sudden stop in kidney function. Acute renal failure is a very serious complication for a already hospitalized patient since they are already in a vulnerable state from staying in the hospital, in fact, it is the most common cause of death amongst hospitalized patients, and most commonly they occur because of a hospital worker s error. Acute renalRead MoreCauses And Treatment Of A Kidney1121 Words   |  5 PagesPyelonephritis As kidney is one of the very important organ of the body, its dysfunction may result in the fatal consequences. Unlike any other disruption to the kidney, Pyelonephritis may introduce some serious problem to the elderly. It is an inflammation of the kidney. Though this disease is not prone to old people, most chronic cases occur in people over 60 years of age. Severe cases of pyelonephritis can lead to pyonephrosis (accumulation of purulent material around the affected kidney), systematicRead MoreEssay on Acute Renal Failure 1307 Words   |  6 PagesAcute Renal Failure is when the kidneys abruptly stop functioning by excreting wastes of the body. Abnormal functions that can cause acute renal failure are that the body cannot regulate acid-base balance of bodily fluids, regulation of one’s blood pressure which affects waste products not being filtered from the body, and irregularities of red blood cell production. There are many factors that can cause a person’s kidneys to stop working properly. A prerenal cause is something that occurs inRead MoreExplanation and Details on Acute Renal Failure1638 Words   |  7 Pagespathophysiology of acute renal failure. Include prerenal, intrarenal, and postrenal causes. Both of our kidneys functions to filter and excrete waste products and toxins by regulating fluids, electrolytes, and acid based balance. If the Renal blood flow is altered then the glomerular filtration rate will be altered as well. A decrease in systemic pressure stimulates the sympathetic nervous system to constrict the renal artery and decreases filtration and secretion in the kidney. In addition, a tubular

Essay Operant Conditioning - 1743 Words

Ivan Pavlov Classical conditioning is a method used in behavioral studies. It is known as classical because it is the first study of laws of learning/conditioning, It is a learned reaction that you do when evoked by a stimulus. Ivan Pavlov was the scientist who discovered classical conditioning. Ivan Pavlov was born in Russia. He lived from 1849 - 1936 . Pavlov’s field of study was physiology and natural science. One of Pavlov’s discoveries was the conditioning of dogs. While working with the dogs he investigated the salivation reaction when food was present. He discovered that the dogs would salivate when he entered the room with and without food. Pavlov then went on to training the dogs. He would ring a bell†¦show more content†¦The animal would response. It would then be rewarded. The response is then learned. If the response was not rewarded then it would disappear over time. The animals would be placed into the puzzle boxes and would only be able to escape by making certain responses such as pushing a button. The experiment with the cats entailed placing a hungry cat into the puzzle box. He then observed its behaviour. The cat would try and escape in order to obtain food. The cat in most cases would act on a â€Å"trial and error† method. When the cat obtained the food the trial and error behaviour decreased and the cat soon learnt how to escape quickly. The lear nt behaviour took time and did not improve quickly. The amount of time the cat spent in the box slowly shorted. Upon completion of his experiment Thorndike learnt that certain stimuli and responses became associated or dissociated from each other. He developed his law of effect. Thorndike concluded that animals learn by trial and error, or most importantly by reward and punishment. He then linked the behavior of the cats to all beings. His work with animals was the founding principle of Instrumental Learning. His most famous work was on the learning theory that lead to the development of operant conditioning by a psychologist called Burrhus.Frederic Skinner. Skinner was born in Pennsylvania on March 20, 1904. Skinners first studied English at Hamilton College. He often wrote for the college newspaper. HeShow MoreRelatedClassical or Operant Conditioning Essay1115 Words   |  5 PagesClassical conditioning developed from the findings of Ivan Pavlov, laying the foundations for behaviourism. From this J.B Watson and other behaviourists argued psychology should be indicative of predicting and controlling overt behaviour using the conditional reflex. (Watson, 1994). This essay will describe the important features of classical conditioning, consider their use in explaining pathological behaviour and will be answered using empirical evidence. The earlier part of the essay will focusRead MoreClassical and Operant Conditioning Essay1000 Words   |  4 Pagesworld. Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are both basic forms of learning, they have the word conditioning in common. Conditioning is the acquisition of specific patterns of b ehavior in the presence of well-defined stimuli. Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which an organism learns to transfer a natural response from one stimulus to another, previously neutral stimulus. Classical conditioning is achieved by manipulating reflexes. Operant conditioning is a type of learningRead MorePsy 390 Operant Conditioning Essay851 Words   |  4 PagesOperant Conditioning Dena Couch PSY 390 July 30, 2012 Dr. Thauberger Operant Conditioning In this paper there will be an examination of the Operant Conditioning theory. It will describe the theory, and compare and contrast the positive and negative reinforcement. It will determine which form of reinforcement is the most effective, and will give an explanation of the reasoning behind that choice. It will also give a scenario in which operant conditioning is applied and how it shapes behaviorRead MoreSkinners Operant Conditioning Theory Essay658 Words   |  3 PagesSkinners Operant Conditioning Theory B.F Skinner (1904-1990), an American psychologist who was the leading exponent of the school of psychology know as behaviourism, maintained the idea that learning is a result of any change in overt behaviour. Changes in behaviour are determined by the way an individual responds to events (stimuli) in the environment. Skinner described this phenomenon as operant conditioning. Action on part of the learner is called a response. WhenRead MoreOperant Conditioning in the Criminal Ju Essay2660 Words   |  11 Pagesï » ¿ Operant Conditioning in the Criminal Justice System Z. M. Keys Psychology of Criminal Behavior CCJS 461 17 October 2014 The only way to tell whether a given event is reinforcing to a given organism under given conditions is to make a direct test. We observe the frequency of a selected response, then make an event contingent upon it and observe any change in frequency. If there is a change, we classify the event as reinforcing to the organism under the existing conditionsRead MoreEssay on Comparison of Classical and Operant and Conditioning660 Words   |  3 Pagesbeing either classical conditioning or operant conditioning when we are dealing with Psychology terms. These two habituation methods are very comparable in nature, but do possess very specific distinctions in their differences. The major difference between classical and operant conditioning is the type of behaviors being conditioned. Classical is focused more on reflex and automatic actions whereas operant deals more with voluntary actions. Classical and operant conditioning are also different inRead MoreApplying Operant Conditioning to Hum an Behaviour Essay591 Words   |  3 PagesApplying Operant Conditioning to Human Behaviour Operant conditioning is when a way of learning by consequence. To put it basic, an action which is rewarded is more likely to be repeated, along with an action that is punished is less likely to be repeated. To apply this to an example of human behaviour, young children may have shaped behaviour due to operant conditioning; where desireable behaviour is rewarded (e.g. by giving a toy) the behaviour is being positivelyRead MoreB. F. Skinners Philosophy of Operant Conditioning Theory Essay591 Words   |  3 PagesI think that B.F. Skinner shares my philosophy in the behavioral aspects of education. There are many points that have expanded my philosophy. One was the operant conditioning theory, which is when the behavior is changed through positive and negative consequences depending on one’s behavior. Positive Reinforcements can be anything from food and candy to a toy or sticker. Negative reinforcement could be a timeout, scolding, or maybe a spanking. It all depends on their behavior. One thing that surprisedRead More Operant Conditioning Essay757 Words   |  4 PagesOperant Conditioning Overview: The theory of B.F. Skinner is based upon the idea that learning is a function of change in overt behavior. Changes in behavior are the result of an individuals response to events (stimuli) that occur in the environment. A response produces a consequence such as defining a word, hitting a ball, or solving a math problem. When a particular Stimulus-Response (S-R) pattern is reinforced (rewarded), the individual is conditioned to respond. 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An Email to a Friend Essay Example For Students

An Email to a Friend Essay You won’t believe how different this job turned out to be. I think credibility is the biggest thing I’ve struggled with so far. I always want to make sure that everything I say is correct and honest. After all, I’m trying to build my brand and if I ever want to be the next Anderson Cooper, I should at the very least be credible. In searching for the truth I often have to check, double check, and then cross-check references to ensure accuracy and coherency. It is incredible how many websites are less than helpful with this, as too many reporters can come off biased or try to put their own spin on a story. I think the key is to ensure that I am doing this right is to make sure I don’t take sides as well as stay truthful. Another issue I’m having is the influence that media has over people. Not everyone is media literate, so integrity becomes an even heavier burden because who knows how many people I’m influencing. How many people are looking at me as a source of truth or knowledge and how are they interpreting what I’m saying? Are they hearing my words as a call to arms or as a warning? Should I publish this story at all? I never thought that it would be so difficult to just report the facts. Hah! I recently wrote a story for a smaller newspaper that was clearly running low on ideas because it was something silly that happened in a county courthouse. A young woman with an ethnically specific last name made an honest mistake and brought a knife along in a diaper bag to a courthouse. She didn’t realize it was illegal to have it on her, and I think she really meant no harm. I reported just the facts: her name, her age, and what she was arrested for. There was nothing to interpret. She forgot it was there and handed it over without thinking twice about it according to the police, who didn’t even want to make this that big of a deal. Her baby couldn’t be more than six months old, she was so tiny, and according to the mother, it was given as a gift from the father. It had been his prized possession. Men. Haha! However, the comments for this article all but cried for this young lady’s blood. People were commenting on how she was an illegal immigrant who just wanted to get one over on the system and probably spoke no English. How absolutely absurd is that? What did they have to go off of? A last name that wasn’t â€Å"Smith†? Ridiculous! And yet, this is what I have to be careful of: People who already made up their minds without doing an iota of research. It’s tough and sad, and sometimes, I don’t know how to combat it. Maybe experience will teach me that this story could have gone unknown. Anyway, that’s all I have to report for now. Hopefully, we can meet up soon! Your friend, Arnold

Pre AND Post 1900 Comparative Essay Example Essay Example

Pre AND Post 1900 Comparative Essay Example Paper Pre AND Post 1900 Comparative Essay Introduction In this essay, I have chosen to compare and contrast the following two poems – ‘Even Tho’ by Grace Nichols and ‘To his Coy Mistress’ by Andrew Marvell. These two poems were roughly written three centuries apart, and so the social factors and religious beliefs as well as other things were different. Therefore different ideas would be portrayed in the poems.In the 17th century when ‘To his Cot Mistress’ was written, women were not known for writing poems about love let alone sex, as women’s opinions weren’t respected. If a woman was sent a poem like the one that Andrew Marvell wrote, then she would probably go weak at the knees and do whatever was asked of her. However, in the late 20th century, when ‘Even Tho’ was written, women’s opinions and rights were respected in society and more and more female poets emerged with some ideas that were once thought unacceptable for women.One other main factor that affe cted the ideas portrayed in these poems is partly to do with religion and partly to do with what used to be thought of as socially acceptable and what is thought as socially acceptable now. At the time ‘To his Coy Mistress’ was written, women were expected to keep their virginity until they were married. This is why the poem is set out as an argument, trying to persuade his lover to have sex with him. This is different to the time when ‘Even Tho’ was written because women were not expected to stay a virgin.I will now discuss the similarities and differences between the content of the first poem, ‘To his Coy Mistress’ and the second poem ‘Even Tho.’ The first poem ‘To his Coy Mistress’ is unusual for the time as it has an untraditional structure. It has no verses but it has three sections each with a different number of lines. The fact that it has no verses suggests that the subject of the poem never really changes, onl y the perspective of the poet. This is so, that the poet can present an effective argument. In the poem, some of the sentences carry on to the next line – this is to increase the pace and build up a good argument. Another reason for why it is unusual for its time is because of the purpose. At the time that the poem was written, women were expected to keep their virginity until they were married, but the poet is asking his lover to lose her virginity, although they aren’t married.The three different sections separate the different parts of the argument that he is putting across. In the first section, we see the poet describing what he would do if he could spend eternity with his lover, A hundred years should go to praise thine eyes, and on thy forehead gaze.’ In the second section, he is saying that although it would be nice to do the things which he said in paragraph one, he can’t because he wont live forever and she will eventually die with her ‘qu aint honour.’ A quote to show this would be, ‘Nor, in thy marble vault, shall sound my echoing song: then worms shall try that long preserved virginity.’ The final section concludes the argument by saying what they should do in order that his mistress does not die having never ‘expressed her love’ towards her lover.I think, that from the perspective of the poet’s mistress, the poem is quite successful. This is because the poet uses some very effective methods to persuade his lover. In the first section, he sweet-talks his lover before scaring her into bed with thoughts of death in the second section. This is why the structure is very good as in my opinion, it allows the poet to separate the poem into three separate parts, creating an effective argument.The second poem, ‘Even Tho’ by Grace Nichols is in many ways very different. Her ideas would have been seen as very controversial if they were expressed at the same time as ‘T o his Coy Mistress’ was written. We can see this from the purpose of the poem, the intention being to inform her lover that she wants sex without the commitment. This is unlike the woman in ‘To his Coty Mistress’ as she has to be heavily persuaded to do such a thing. At the time ‘Even Tho’ was written, women were far more in control of their own lives and didn’t succumb to obsequiousness as easily.A way that these two poems are similar is that they both have an untraditional structure. ‘Even Tho,’ is very much a free verse poem, in that it doesn’t have a set number of lines per verse or a set number of words per line. It also has very little punctuation. This enables it to highlight the untraditional ideas it contains. This is similar to the reasoning behind an unconventional structure in ‘To his Coy Mistress.’ Both of these poems are written in the first person, this means that both of the poets can reinforce their emotions by making the poem more personal. Again, ‘Even Tho’ and ‘To his Coy Mistress’ are partly similar in purpose; they both express emotion and give the poets view on their relationship.The manner in which the poets express their emotions are quite different. In ‘Even Tho,’ the poet uses a positive and light-hearted tone to put across her feelings, whereas in ‘To his Coy Mistress,’ Grace Nichols uses more traditional ideas of love as well as his unorthodox views on his relationship with his lover.In my opinion, both poems may well be seen as relatively offensive because they are very biased as they only take into account their own opinions. What about the other person in the relationship? They may desire something different! ‘To his Coy Mistress’ is especially offensive because the poet’s requirements are just sexual pleasure.As is to be expected, the language of these two poems is very different in ma ny ways. The vocabulary in ‘To his Coy Mistress’ is very dated as the poem was written in the mid 17th century. Unfamiliar words like ‘thou’ and ‘thine’ are used, which could be difficult to comprehend for the majority of people in this day and age.There is a lot of imagery used in this poem to create a picture in our minds of the poet’s lover and the relationship that they share. The poet uses metaphors such as ‘Times winged chariot’ and ‘Iron gates of life.’ He also uses similes, for example, ‘the youthful hue, sits on thy skin like morning dew.’ In addition to this simile, this sentence shows us another technique, which is called personification. All of these techniques, plus some very elaborate descriptions build up some very apparent images.The poem rhymes all the way through in couplets and this is one of the only regularities in this poem. This means that when you read the poem, as well as pi cking up the untraditional ideas, you also sense the regularity, which makes the poem easier to identify with. It also has the same alliteration in it, for example: ‘long love’ and ‘love at lower rate.’ These are both to be found in the first section, along with some assonance that gives similar sounds, for example: ‘should’st rubies find.’ These are all soft, sumptuous and loving sounds which comply with the messages in the first section. As you would think, the second section contains more hard sounds, for example: ‘turn to dust’ and the third section contains dramatic and indicative ideas and so uses sounds to back these up, for example: ‘instant fires’ and ‘rough strife.’The poem appeals to a couple of the senses, mainly sight because of all the imagery used and sound because of the descriptions used associated to sound. The beat of the poem is also regular, as it has approximately 8 – 10 syllables per line; this suggests that it flows when read.The vocabulary of ‘Even Tho’ is very different to that of ‘To his Coy Mistress,’ mainly because it was written much later, round about the 1970’s or 1980’s. This meant that the language was much more up to date. The time that it was written also means that it was possible for the poem to be written with a Caribbean dialect. An example of this is, ‘Keep to de motion,’ and ‘leh we go.’It was very unusual to see a poem written in a Caribbean dialect from the period in which ‘To his Coy Mistress’ was composed, so this highlights a difference between the two poems. The dialect allows the poet to bring in some of her ethnicity and culture to her work.A connection between the two poems is that they both use ample amounts of imagery. In ‘Even Tho’ metaphors are used, for example: ‘I’m all watermelon and star apple and plum when y ou touch me.’ This metaphor shows us what the poet is feeling. Grace Nichols uses juicy, soft fruits to describe it because that’s how she feels. The poem is very short, and due to this, we don’t find any similes or personification, but the poem does have some very interesting descriptions to create images, such as, ‘you be banana, I be avocado,’ which describes the male and female sex organs – the banana symbolizes the penis as it is very hard and long, whereas the avocado denotes a vagina as it is very warm, soft and in particularly red! This type of imagery is somewhat different to that used in ‘To his Coy Mistress’ as it is more intimate, light-hearted and humorous, unlike the romantic and sometimes frightening imagery of ‘To his Coy Mistress.’ The sounds to the poem are one of the keys to its success. Assonance such as ‘watermelon, strar apple and plum’ gives juicy and sumptuous sounds that appeal v ery much to the reader’s sense of taste and touch. The imagery used when talking about the male and female sex organs, ‘banana and avocado’ is quite amusing, and so appeals to the reader’s sense of sight.Besides the poem being outwardly funny, it has a relatively fundamental underlying message about the poet’s relationship, which is shown in the poet’s choice of repetition. The reiteration of ‘Even Tho’ and ‘leh we break free,’ is what tells the poet’s lover exactly what she wants from their relationship. She wants to be an individual ‘even tho’ she enjoys having fun and spending time with her lover.In my opinion, the poem is similar to ‘To his Coy Mistress’ when it comes to pace and rhythm as they are both irregular and so stressing their equally unorthodox messages.In conclusion, I would say that these poems aren’t completely unrelated, and the main thing that influences thei r differences is the time in which they were written. They both have similar purposes, only the perspective changes. It is largely male in ‘To his Coy Mistress,’ but incredibly female in ‘Even Tho. Another way that time has made the poems more different is the way that they are presented. ‘To his Coy Mistress’ is presented as an argument that is trying to persuade the poet’s lover to give in to her passion for the poet and lose her virginity.However, ‘Even Tho’ is more of a story than an argument. This is because she doesn’t feel that she needs to persuade men to do what she wants them to do, only tell them how she feels. Andrew Marvell felt that he needed to persuade his lover, as simply making a suggestion would not be enough. These are just a few examples of the ways that they are different, and of course, there are many more, but we must remember the simple similarities. Both poems are about sexual relationships, they ar e both written in the first person and to conclude, they both express emotions!My particular favourite out of the two poems has to be ‘Even Tho.’ The reason being, it is so simple, but yet has so many layers of meaning and tone. It is also comical as the imagery is fairly explicit as it talks about ‘bananas’ and ‘avocados’ representing the sexual organs on a human’s body. The poem ‘Even Tho’ also has a far more informal style of writing than ‘To his Coy Mistress’ and communicates to more than just the poet’s lover. All of this is why ‘Even Tho’ is my favourite poem out of the two. Pre AND Post 1900 Comparative Essay Thank you for reading this Sample!